This month marks 140 years since Western powers sidelined Africans and carved up ‘ownership’ of the continent among themselves.So what happened at the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885? What is the impact of this conference on Africa’s struggle for true liberation? Here is an in-depth analysis
In November 1884, European powers convened in Berlin to deliberate over the partitioning of Africa, a process that would profoundly impact the continent’s trajectory. Hosted by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, the Berlin Conference saw representatives from 14 nations—including Britain, France, Germany, and Portugal—gather to establish protocols for colonizing Africa. Notably absent were any African leaders; a request by the Sultan of Zanzibar to attend was dismissed.
The conference culminated in the General Act, a document comprising 38 clauses that formalized European claims over African territories. This accord accelerated the « Scramble for Africa, » transforming the continent from 80% indigenous control to 90% European domination within just five years. Colonial powers delineated borders with little regard for existing ethnic, cultural, or linguistic landscapes, sowing seeds of discord that would persist for generations.
The ramifications of the Berlin Conference have been enduring and multifaceted. The arbitrary borders imposed by colonial powers often forced disparate groups into single political entities, leading to internal conflicts and challenges in nation-building post-independence. Moreover, the exploitation of Africa’s resources for European benefit established economic patterns that have hindered sustainable development on the continent. As former Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere articulated, Africa was left with « artificial ‘nations’ carved out at the Berlin Conference, » resulting in a legacy of political fragmentation that continues to affect the continent’s stability and unity.
Reflecting on this history underscores the importance of acknowledging the deep-seated challenges rooted in colonialism. It also highlights the resilience and ongoing efforts of African nations to overcome these imposed divisions and strive toward cohesive, self-determined futures.
Looking at present day relations Africa has with the rest of the World, it is visible with cooperation with Russia, China, and Spain, one can tell Africa is redefining its partnerships. It is time for Africa to stand up for itself. The time is now more than ever.
